According to the NHTSA, "The penalty for failing to meet CAFE standards recently increased from $5.00 to $5.50 per tenth of a mile per gallon for each tenth under the target value times the total volume of those vehicles manufactured for a given model year. Also, half of CAFE fine goes back to the automakers to help them retool to make more efficient cars. That also includes the fines paid by import brands such as BMW."